Mirror: Self-Improving Video-to-Action Models

Video generative models are an emerging tool for embodied agents: they can serve as scalable visual planners, generating videos that depict how to complete previously unseen tasks. However, executing these plans typically requires a video-to-action or “inverse dynamics” model trained on large, human-collected video-action datasets, severely limiting scalability. We introduce Mirror, a self-supervised approach that learns video-to-action mappings through environment interactions, without prior action data or hand-crafted rewards. Mirror learns by attempting to follow a visual plan by executing its best guess of the underlying actions in the environment. Mirror then trains on the resulting video-action pairs, incrementally self-improving and following the visual planner more closely. Across Atari, OGBench, and DeepMind Control, Mirror outperforms leading learning-from-observation methods with learned video plans, and achieves near-expert performance with oracle plans. On Minecraft BASALT, it outperforms methods with access to expert actions or hand-engineered task knowledge. In Minecraft survival, it is the first method to acquire an iron pickaxe through self-improvement alone, without rewards or expert action labels. In the offline setting, with expert action labels but no environment interaction, it sets a new state of the art in obtaining diamonds. Our results suggest that advances in video models can translate into increasingly capable agents without a corresponding need for hand-crafted rewards or large collections of expert action data.